e-Health with Knowledge Management: the Areas of Tomorrow Essay example

e-Health with Knowledge Management the Areas of TomorrowThe importance of e-health has grown tremendously these days combinedwith the supposition of knowledge management will serve to enhance theefficiency of e-health initiatives.The term e-health characterizes not only a technical development butalso a way of thinking, commitment for networked, global thinking toimprove healthcargon locally and worldwide by using information systemand communication engineering. The challenges of the e-health include terce categories B2B, B2C, & C2C.KM can be a tremendous factor in developing the infrastructure andoutcome of e-health.The other es represent the e-health are efficiency, enhancingquality, evidence based, empowerment, education, extending, ethics, &equity.Patients play a significant role in putting more pressure onphysicians to use timely evidence by accessing online information. Itseems to the firstborn time in the history of medicine that consumers haveequal access to knowledge bases of medicine.Challenges- Meaningful collaboration with patients- Preparation for upcoming technological development- effectual strategies to monitor patterns of Internet use among consumers- Balance between connectivity and privacy factors- Better understanding of the balance between real and virtual interactions- Equitable access to technology and information across the globe.Three important issues must be carefully considere...

A War America Could have Won :: American America History

A War America Could have WonNorth Vietnam was battling for ownership of South Vietnam, so they could be a incorporate communist nation. To pr reddent the domino effect and further spread of communism, the USA troops in 1965 went into action against the Viet Cong until 1975. Not only did the greatest superpower in the world get bested by a third world nation, but also lost badly. Perhaps this war could have been won, or pr make upted in the first base place. The USA could have and should have won this war, with a combination of better weapons usage, better tactics and better support from their home country. The First American struggle troops in Vietnam landed at Da Nang in 8 March 1965 to defend the air base. With the exception of the nuclear weapon, every piece of equipment in Americas mighty arsenal was used in the war. The USA President Lyndon Johnson said Our goal was to deter and diminish the strength of the North Vietnamese aggressors and try to induce them to leave South Vi etnam alone. Johnson limited the conflict to an air war at first, hoping to pound away and push the Viet Cong into giving in. He used planes much(prenominal) as the B-52 bomber to try to win the war as quickly as possible. So he unleashed a continuous bombing raid on North Vietnam. This was the raid known as Operation Rolling Thunder. American scientist created an array of ultra-sensitive devices to detect the army. THE B-52 dropped bombs in large amounts of the defoliating gas, agentive role Orange. Hundreds of millions of acres of jungle were destroyed and even fields of rice paddies were poisoned because of Agent Orange. Agent Orange was supposed to eliminate the Viet Congs advantageous hiding places, but it only turned the people the Americans were fighting for against them even more. Yet another type of bomb was used. Napalm was also another mistake. By using a flammable jelly to liter eachy burn up all of North Vietnam, the USA not only killed more civilians than soldiers, bu t also raised several ethnical questions. Weighing the consequences of using weapons such as napalm and Agent Orange, the USA quite possibly could have won the Vietnam War completely through the use of air power. More tonnage of ordinance was dropped in each given week during Vietnam than during all other wars in the history of the world combined.

Race And Law In Philadelphia :: essays research papers

RACE AND THE LAW IN PHILADELPHIAIf youre ever driving down I-95 through Philadelphia, you will notice an exit for Allegheny Avenue. Allegheny Ave is hotshot of the most dangerous parts of Philly you can drive through. Predominantly black with some Puerto Ricans and a handful of whites, Allegheny is situated between the Delaw are River and abandoned industrial complexes. Windows are kept closed and doors are locked as you drive past bums, drug dealers, scorched abandoned cars, sleazy strip debar, cops and crack heads. You can buy cocain and marijuana on almost every side street just by driving down with your window rolled down. Corners with lots of shoes pause from a single telephone poll advertise heroin and crack. Once you drive under the L-train, you can amuse yourself by playing the spot-the-prostitute-game. Paddy wagons are never parked to far away and cops patrol by, ignoring the misdemeanors around them and just trying to make worthwhile arrests. If you go no more than 20 proceeding west, youll end up in Manyunk, which is directly on the border of Philadelphia, and to residents, is considered part of it. Unlike Allegheny Ave, the main street is littered with import stores, hip coffee houses, yuppie bars and colorful banners that welcome you to the town. Its a perfect place for happy couples and families to go for shopping, dinning, and entertainment. The surrounding neighborhoods mainly consist of white people who have big up in Philadelphia. There are plenty of barking dogs, swing sets and kids who play street hockey without a worry besides being home by dinner. The families are mainly blue-collar workers that are able to send their kids to parochial schools. Everyone knows everyone else in the neighborhood and you get the sense that people watch out for individually other. Occasionally a cop will patrol by but nothing ever really goes on besides the occasional breaking of the commotion curfew. All in all, there isnt a lot of law enforcement the re because there doesnt need to be. Youre probably wondering wherefore these two neighborhoods are different. A lot of different factors come into play but I will attempt to explain it anyway. First, environment definitely seems to be a big factor in the direction a community will take. Allegheny Ave is pretty much detached from a lot of the city. The schools are severely over-crowded and are known to be dangerous.

Alternative Building Materials and Methods Essay -- Exploratory Essays

Alternative Building Materials and Methods The buildup of past construction techniques up to our present point in clipping has denoted timber as being the first and foremost material exercisingd to build houses in the coupled States. Building codes prescribe forest to build homes, because of some(prenominal) its structural benefits and because it is ingrained in the industry as the material of choice. Because wood has been used for so long, it is the material that builders know best and are the most cozy with. However, the worlds forests are rapidly disappearing, as wood is used inefficiently and excessively in building both the quantity of houses and the amount of wood used within a single house helps to quickly deplete our natural wood supply.Because of this, alternatives to wood building are being sought erupt by milieual organizations, with the aims of increasing awareness of the state of our forests and providing information and access to wood alternatives in b uilding and upkeep of houses and other structures. Though it may be a slow process to change building codes and norms, there are other alternatives available.There are two main ways to decrease wood consumption alternative building materials and alternative building methods. Alternative building materials include concrete, flyash, cob, earth, and straw/bale. All of these materials have been used in both the United States and in different countries to build houses, and have proven to be viable replacements for wood in construction. However, efforts to mostly or entirely supplant the use of wood with these wood substitutes have not yet been successful. Alternative methods for building range from sustainable practices in acquiring materials to the developmen... ...y, there are many barriers to this change that give be very difficult to overcome. As a global environmental issue, however, it is important to strive for the widespread use of alternative options. I believe that if the use of alternatives becomes economically viable, ad campaigns are instituted to promote their use, and government subsidies are allotted differently, then alternative materials and methods will definitely start to be used, to the benefit of the environment and world in general.Works CitedDaly, Ned. Demanding change in the wood and paper markets. Multinational Monitor, v19 n4 p13(4), April 1998.Fowler, Stacey. Building the future Sustainable building materials come of age. Environmental word Network. September 25, 2001. www.enn.com. Use of Alternative Building Materials Could Save India 25% Cost. AsiaPulse News, Feb 24, 2003 p7044.

The Movement of Disease Essays -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Movement of Disease The desire to travel and explore pay offed among many early civilizations. This mobility provided these cultures with many advantages that have helped to call forth their societies. Unfortunately, these movements are also responsible for the transmission of numerous diseases and their resulting adverse effects upon the inhabitants of the Earth. This essay seeks to outline the causes of epidemic diseases, explain their diffusion around the world, and explore wherefore they are more harmful in certain societies.During the First Great Transition, small mobile groups of hunter-gatherers began to adopt sedentary lifestyles. This was facilitated by the development of agriculture and the dedicate of animal domestication. Although the foundation of agriculture originated in the Mediterranean, it spread to Europe, the near East and eventually the rest of the populated world. With more efficient methods of food production, the population of these groups began to si gnificantly increase. Domesticated animals were not only used as a supplementary food source (meat and milk), but also for providing animal power in labour-intensive activities (such as plowing).The transition to a sedentary lifestyle caused a major decline in health in these growing societies as virulent and lethal diseases began to appear. The major killers of humanity throughout recent history-smallpox, flu, tuberculosis, malaria, plague, measles, and cholera-are diseases that evolved from diseases of animals, even though most of the microbes responsible for our own epidemic illnesses are paradoxically now almost intent to humans.1 As early farmers began to live closer to and spend more time with livestock and pets, the germs from these animals w... ...s. As trade became a compelling force for the ethnical evolution of many societies, they helped to spread diseases over the entire world. Due to an auspicious piece of luck, Europe, with many more domesticated animals and there fore epidemic diseases, was able to develop immunities that the populous of the Americas lacked.Sources1. Diamond, Jered. Guns, Germs, and Steel The Fates of Human Societies. New York W.W. Norton. 1997. Pg. 196-197.2. Chant, Colin. Pre-industrial Cities & Technology. London Routledge. 1999. Pg. 51.3. Diamond. Pg. 205.4. Ehrlich, Paul R. Human Natures Genes, Cultures, and the Human Prospect. Washington D.C. Island Press. 2000. Pg. 268.5. Ponting, Clive. A Green History of the World The Environment and the fragmentize of Great Civilizations. New York St. Martins Press. 1992. Pg. 224.6. Ehrlich. Pg. 2547. Diamond. Pg. 212.

The Movement of Disease Essays -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Movement of Disease The desire to travel and explore developed among some early civilizations. This mobility provided these cultures with many advantages that have helped to advance their societies. Unfortunately, these movements argon as well responsible for the transmission of numerous diseases and their resulting adverse effects upon the inhabitants of the Earth. This essay seeks to outline the causes of epidemic diseases, rationalize their diffusion around the world, and explore why they are much harmful in certain societies.During the First Great Transition, small mobile groups of hunter-gatherers began to adopt sedentary lifestyles. This was facilitated by the development of agriculture and the practice of animal domestication. Although the foundation of agriculture originated in the Mediterranean, it spread to Europe, the near East and eventually the rest of the populated world. With more efficient methods of food production, the population of these groups began to sig nificantly increase. Domesticated animals were not only used as a supplementary food source (meat and milk), but also for providing animal power in labor-intensive activities (such as plowing).The transition to a sedentary lifestyle caused a major decline in health in these growing societies as virulent and lethal diseases began to appear. The major killers of humanity throughout recent history-smallpox, flu, tuberculosis, malaria, plague, measles, and cholera-are diseases that evolved from diseases of animals, even though most of the microbes responsible for our own epidemic illnesses are paradoxically now almost confined to humans.1 As early farmers began to live closer to and spend more time with livestock and pets, the germs from these animals w... ...s. As wiliness became a compelling force for the cultural evolution of many societies, they helped to spread diseases over the entire world. Due to an auspicious piece of luck, Europe, with many more domestic animals and therefo re epidemic diseases, was able to develop immunities that the populous of the Americas lacked.Sources1. Diamond, Jered. Guns, Germs, and Steel The Fates of Human Societies. New York W.W. Norton. 1997. Pg. 196-197.2. Chant, Colin. Pre-industrial Cities & Technology. London Routledge. 1999. Pg. 51.3. Diamond. Pg. 205.4. Ehrlich, Paul R. Human Natures Genes, Cultures, and the Human Prospect. Washington D.C. Island Press. 2000. Pg. 268.5. Ponting, Clive. A super acid History of the World The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations. New York St. Martins Press. 1992. Pg. 224.6. Ehrlich. Pg. 2547. Diamond. Pg. 212.

Before Breakfast

ONeill, the master playwright, portrays strong, interesting characters with equ onlyy strong emotions in his plays. His play, in the first place Breakfast, deals with an exasperated woman confronting her husbands joblessness and unfaithfulness.This is a short play in the form of a monologue by the woman, Mrs. Rowland. Mrs. Rowland jabbers all through the play expressing desperation, anger, agony, and sheer disgust at her husband, Alfreds penniless nature. Her full-throttled criticisation of Alfreds ways leads to the denouement of the playAlfreds suicide. Character analysis of Mrs.Rowland The description of Mrs. Rowlands small house in the beginning of the play portrays poverty. Mrs. Rowland wakes up tired and bitter. Her irritation is so intense that she goes to the extent of damning her apron whose strings deny to oblige her in knotting up. In fact, the precise first word that Mrs. Rowland speaks in the novel is Damn. It is from here that her character builds up. It was a fine d ay, It is about eight-thirty in the morning of a fine, sunshiny day in the early clear, solely ironically did not seem to subscribe to any effect on Mrs. Rowlands temper.Her doings is not at all pleasing, her hair is stuck up in a drab colored mass, her shapeless stoutness accentuated by her formless colored dress which is also shabby and worn speak volumes about her. This is hardly expected of a young woman in her early twenties. Even as her ranting of Alfred begins, we understand that she is definitely not the timid type of woman. She rebukes him in the most unrestrained manner. She had been working not just for one, but for both the good deal in the family. She had been contributing to the family in whatever small means she provoke.While he had been whiling away his time in poetry and in playing the gentleman and loafing around barrooms with that good-for-no function lot of artists from the Square, she had been working very hard. Even as Mrs. Rowland does regular household work like sweeping and cleaning, she doesnt peter out to rebuke him for dropping cigarette butts and ashes all over the floor. Her attitude borders on feminism advocating her opinion on the ground of equality of sexes. Why she only borders on feminism is because she does the job and doesnt necessarily hand him over the broom to sweep the floor.This point is further accentuated when she tells him that she was making coffee for both. Yet to scan her kick in some manner, she tells him that she wasnt going to wait for him. Mrs. Rowlands frustration towards his lackadaisical manner is so severe that she complains loudly of everything he does. Is she taking reward of Alfreds silence? She only seems capable of complaining, without having any effect on Alfreds attitude or manner. Mrs. Rowland had developed a profound hatred towards her husband. She suspects him of infidelity and hence stealthily searches his pockets for some kind of evidence.She pockets the letter from one Helen addres sed to her husband to later on pick a quarrel with him on that. She vociferously defends this act of hers by telling Alfred that she was his married woman and hence had every right to read his letters. While she constantly voices her rights as an equal, the lines, How about Helen? (She starts back from the doorway, half frightened) show that she isnt such a bold woman as she projects herself to be. Mrs. Rowland shows utmost contempt for her husband. She calls him a fool to have pawned the watch, calls him lazy to stay in buttocks all the time, and calls him incapable of hitchting a job for himself.She tells him that all he does is write silly poetries and short stories all day which no one allow for buy. She is quite proud of her capabilities when she says that, I notice I can always get a position, such as it is and its only that which keeps us from esurient to death. Well, well, is this what is woman power? It makes us wonder if Alfred were to respond to any of her remarks or if he were to shout back at her for being so loud, will she have continued in this manner? She would have, since she refers to the shin that they have had the previous night where Alfred made a beast of himself.She simply cannot forgive him for pawning things for survival. The last precious thing that they had was the watch, which too seems to have been pawned for a drink. Mrs. Rowlands bitterness and disappointment is sometimes justified since Mr. Rowland was actually the millionaire Rowlands only son, the Harvard graduate, the poet, the catch of the t sustain. Her position as his wife should actually had been an enviable one. By being an alcoholic and by possessing an unwilling attitude to work, he became a penniless wastrel. He had impregnated and married her before their claw was stillborn.Added on to her feeling of betrayal is his infidelity. Mrs. Rowland is unperturbed by her husbands stern and severe looks. She carries on and tells him that he cannot bully her with his sup erior airs. She reminds him that but for her he would be going without breakfast in the morning. She tries to win his pity when she speaks of her headache and the deplorable condition in which has to sew to earn their bread. She tries all practical means to provoke his pity and to make him seek a job. The rent for the house was due and there was nothing left for lunch.She doesnt mince voice communication in asking him to look out for a job Are you going to look for a job today or arent you? Despite all her bickering, when she sees blood in Mr. Rowlands face the first time, she asks him to wipe the blood off his face and tells him to go to a barbers shop for a shave since she found his hands shaking heavily. This shows her concern for Alfred. She even warns him that one of these days he was going to cut himself seriously. But she is too preoccupied with her own taunts that she doesnt catch the seriousness of the situation that ends in such a great tragedy.All through the play Alfr ed never makes an appearance. It is only through the eyes of Mrs. Rowland that we get to know the person. The plot, the action, the conflict all revolve around her. The plot brings out the strong conflict which Mrs. Rowland is confronted with. Though she complains a lot and beseeches Mr. Rowland to be more responsible, she takes things in her stride and carries on with her daily chores. The play strongly evokes emotions of pity and horror. All her calls of Alfred contributing to the family in some manner or the other seem to fall in deaf ears.In referring to Mr. Rowlands affair with Helen, Mrs. Rowland threatens him telling that she would never divorce him. She gets vindictive for all the injuries that he inflicted on her. She understands her rights as a woman very well. She knows that unless she agrees to the divorce, it can never happen. And, unless they divorce, he can never dream of marrying another woman. Conclusion Alfred is a sensitive man who commits suicide on being spy by his wife about his extramarital affair. Comparatively Mrs. Rowland bears it all with much forbearing.Life had been much more difficult on her. She was the daughter of a mere grocer, she had release pregnant even before she could be married, despite marrying a man with some wealth to name she had to put up with poverty. In a way, it can be said that her strength of forbearance comes from her simple background. On the other hand, Mr. Rowland had been the only son of a millionaire father. Yet, when his father died, he should have been mortified to attain that all that he was left with was a large amount of debt to be repaid. His faith should have been shaken with this.He had been personally proud of his position in society. As Mrs. Rowland once comments, You were ashamed of me with your fine friends because my fathers only a grocer, thats what you were. Yet he had to marry her because of the slight he committed on her before their marriage. Mrs. Rowland never hesitates to fight for her rights. Within the portals of family life and considering her limitations, she voices her opinions and demands. This gives her the identity of a feminist. Her feminism raised its head mainly due to Mr. Rowlands inability to provide her with the ba

Tim Horton’s Website Analysis

On October 25, 2010, I examined the website of Tim Hortons Company. I did this as part of my concession for Business Communication course in University of Toronto Scarborough. The assignment requires students to compose a website analysis report of a business. And I chose Tim Hortons because it has always been one of my estimateite coffee shops. This report describes the strengths and weaknesses of Tim Hortons website. And at the end of the report, you pass on keep my personal recommendations on the points that could be improved.The reports purpose is to help Tim Hortons establish a more customer-friendly website. I will explain more on the word customer-friendly through the following parts of the report. Strengths of the Website I am sort of impressed by the design of Tim Hortons website. By simply looking at the substructure colors when I first entered in, I am able to recognize the brand. These brown and red colors argon what we commonly see in a local Tim Hortons store. The use of the colors makes the store and website an integral whole. An other(a) thing that attracts me is the flashing banner.Those well-designed advertisement videos give customers a quick view of what is new at the store. They also lead to a better trade promotion. I compared the webpage of Tim Hortons with Starbucks and Second Cups. And I discovered that Tim Hortons has some competitive advantages over the other ii famous coffee shops. Here are four most prominent ones * An Offer of Healthier Products Options. Many customers today are not in favor of eating traditional donuts that contained large amount of fat and sugar. In order not to lose those customers, more healthier food options are offered on the website.In the online menu, customers push aside pass off one category named Healthier Options. By applying those options, customers may add milk instead of cream to their coffee. They may also choose bagels that are high in fiber instead of donuts. People who enjoy a healthy li festyle will find Tim Hortons products appealing to them. Moreover, for customers convenience, there is a striking to the Nutrition Calculator beside each category of food. By clicking the link, customers can quickly obtain further information on the products. * Clear Classification of the Products.The catalog appeared in the menu helps to arrange all productions into detailed classes. The arrangement makes the menu more organized and pass awayer to look at. Customers who want to look for a certain type of products will quickly find their targets. This is a demonstration of customer-friendly webpage. * The Idea of Weather Forecast. On the front page of the website, I discovered a window shown the weather betoken and the best product option to choose on a lower floor this weather. I found this idea very attractive. The weather forecast transfers a message that Tim Hortons is very concern about its customers.It deserves a brand loyalty. Besides, customers who are aware of this in formation may come to the website everyday to check the weather. This will result in a higher click rate to the website and more exposure to the advertisements. * Online Shopping Option. A link to the online shopping website is attached to the front page. Not only can customers find cans of grind coffee there, but they can also find gift baskets and other accessories available. This online shopping option will tolerate to a larger change of Tim Hortons coffee.Weaknesses of the Website On the other hand, I discovered some weaknesses of Tim Hortons website after compared with other coffee shops. Speaking critically, there are certain places that could be made better. To introduce my findings, I listed four problems below * Catalog is Not Clearly Indentified. Most customers come to Tim Hortons website to search for information on coffee and baked goods. However, the catalog shown on top of the front page does not include these two items. It takes some time for customers to find thei r desired information.Besides, all the menus and nutrition information are under the category of In Our Store . I personally think this title is inappropriate. Because In Our Store can mislead people to think about locations, staffs and other unrelated information. * Nutrition calculator is severe to use. The idea of making a calculator to track calories is very creative. However, the calculator did not function well when I was using it, especially on a Mac computer. The button for Detailed Information is often hidden behind the product category list. This makes the button difficult to click on.Fonts are Too Small to Read. Except for the headlines, the font sizes for most of the written materials are too small. This will result in unwillingness for customers to go further reading. Though the storyboard tells a thrilling adventure, customers may have no interest to look at. * No Sounds for the Banner. Research shows that peoples retention becomes stronger when they can be provided wi th both visual images and sounds. Having a banner is absolutely a good promotion choice, but without any audio inputs, the advertisements are a instant lack of excitement and harder for customers to remember.Conclusions A website can be said to be customer-friendly if it is able to offer the most to its customers. For the design, the website should be attractive and fun to look at. And for the function, the come with ought to focus on an idea of clarity, convenience and simplicity. Compared with the webpage of other famous coffee shops, Tim Hortons is good at making convenience accesses for its customers and delivering sales messages. This is demonstrated by its strengths of clear classification, option of online shopping and an offer of eather forecast and healthier options.Nevertheless, Tim Hortons is a bit weak at providing clear information. Because some titles of the catalog fail to transfer definite information and the fonts of the words are too small to read. Things can be improved also include the nutrition calculator and the sounds of the banner. Recommendations Competition between coffeehouses is quite fierce these days. Though Tim Hortons are most well known in Canada. It does not have such popularity in other countries, even in the fall in States.One of the accesses for people to gather information of Tim Hortons is through the Internet. Therefore, it is of top primarity for Tim Hortons to establish a more customer-friendly website. Here I provide four recommendations that will contribute to its success * Change the Titles of the Catalog Categories. Make Category titles clearer to indentify. For example, name Coffee or Menu instead of In Our Store. Also, put the items customers most concerned to prominent places.For example, modify the Menu button as the first icon appeared in the catalog at the front page. Improve the Nutrition calculator. If the technical problems cannot be solved, simply add a list of nutrition information containing all prod ucts to the website. It is also a good idea to provide a search locomotive engine for that information. * Make the Fonts Larger. Make the size of the fonts larger so that customers can easily read the information they are looking for. * Make Banners Alive. render music commercials. Add more fun and excitement to the website. This will catch customers attention and result in a higher click rate of the website.

The Happiest Experience in My Life

I have gained many experiences . there were good and openhanded experiences . All these experiences have made me more matured and wiser . The most exiting experience I gained was when my father brought my family to Egypt to further his studies . We lived there for six years. During our stay in Egypt, there were many happy experiences. When I arrived in Egypt ,I was seven years old and I couldnt speak even a word of Arabic . My draw comforted me by saying e rattlingthing was going to be alright and I would able to assimilate .My father sent me and my siblings to school everyday in our start and second year there . My school was just a walking distance from my home, but we had to cross a carriagey road . It took us almost fifteen minutes to reach the school. My siblings and I went to school without any knowledge of the Arabic language . The start-off day in school was a lamentable day . Everything was different . I could not communicate as I could not undestand Arabic . The gi rls were friendly but some of them were rough and tough .My first week of school was filled with tears as I was evermore being bullied by them . As the day passed and my Arabic got bhetter ,the girls who always bullied me became my best friends . There were three of them , Yasmin , Heba and Nada . Actually they were all very kind . We were in the same class from year one to year five . The three girls were very clever ,they easily got full mark or 98% marks for their Mathematics and Arabic language ,but not me . Most Egyptian students work really hard in their studies .I found it difficult to compete . On our third until sixth year in Egypt,my siblings and I went to school by bus . It was also the most exiting experience . The bus was cramped with students all like sardines in a tin . Vis was transported back into time when the pharoahs of Egypt ruled the land . The pyramids were abundant and certainly deserved being crowned as one of the seven wonders of the world . The green se a and huge waves of the Maditerranean sea felt like paradise on earth .It was such bliss to be building sandcastles on the white sand . Living in Egypt for six years was really rattling(prenominal) . Each holiday was spent visiting historical sites and places around Egypt . We have even been to the top of mount Sinai to witness the rise of the morning sun . The look out was spectacular and humbling. The beauty of the moment willing forever be etched like a drawing in my mind . I will always remember the six years I spent in Egypt fondly in my mind . The moments were the best I ever experienced and I will always treasure them .

Ethnicity And Police Essay

September 4, 2005 sixsome days after hurricane Katrina devastated the city of New Orleans, six New Orleans patrol officers loaded into the screening of a Budget rental truck and stormed the Danziger Bridge in the eastern area of the city. The officers were responding to a call of shots fired and an officer was down, in reality practice of law officers escorting a civilian convoy on the I-10 high rise made a distress call over the police radio of shots fired on the Danziger Bridge and made the impression that an officer was down. A group of at least nine officers were in the truck all from the 7th districts make slip-up station. Claimed once they approached the bridge they acquire gun fire from civilians, which made them open fire. Civilians on the bridge claim they were ambushed by the officers in the truck. The officers shot eight divest citizens fatally wounding two 17 year old James Brissette and 40 year old Robert Madison who was mentally disabled.The officers were wrong i n doing so, because they did non verify any citizens carrying weapons nor did they identify themselves as police officers. The officers opened fire on the civilians under the assumption they were carrying weapons. By doing so the officers did not follow trite procedures (Nola, 2005). The New Orleans Police Department investigated the shootings indwellingly, but victims of the shootings felt that justice was not served. The Bartholomew and Madison families who were the victims along with an outcry from citizens of New Orleans led the federal official Bureau of investigations to investigate the citys police department. During the federal probe of the shootings, evidence was found that officers were not justified in the death of the two individuals, and the internal probe by investigators attempted to cover the evidence. Two years after the incident officers were arrested and indicted on murder charges, but the charges were dropped due to mishandling by the district attorneys offic e.Two weeks later the Civil Rights Division of the United States Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigationstook over the case. Robert Faulcon along with five other police officers faced charges ranging from corruption, violation of civil rights, and weapons charges. Before the case went to trial the federal prosecution offered a series of plea bargains to the suspected officers because the case had been cold when they true it. On August 5, 2011 nearly six years after hurricane Katrina struck the city of New Orleans Robert Faulcon appeared in federal court, United States district try out Kurt Engelhart presided over the hearings (FBI, 2012).Robert Faulcon who fatally shot Robert Madison in the back with a shotgun testified that he never saw anyone on the bridge point a gun or fire at him, and that he never identified himself as a police officer or told Madison to stop. Two unacquainted(p) people died and several others were wounded that day on the Danziger Brid ge by the police officers whose jobs were to protect their lives of the innocent. After testimonies from prosecution and defense the former officers were found culpable on all charges. Robert Faulcon was sentenced to sixty five years in federal prison. Sergeant Kenneth Brown was sentenced to 40 years in prison, Sergeant Robert Gesivius also received 40 years in prison, and Officer Anthony Villavaso received a 38 year sentence.Sergeant Authur Kaufman who was the lead investigator on the case, received a six year sentence for covering up the crimes during the investigation, and one officer was exonerated of the charges (Chicago Citizen, 2010). An attorney for the Department of Justice described the case as one of the closely significant police misconduct incidents since the Rodney King beating. The New Orleans police department has a long history of corruption and violence. With the prosecution of these officers citizens hope that this leave alone end the final chapter. And that th ey can begin to trust the officers sworn to protect them.References(2010, December 15). Former New Orleans Police Officer Sentenced for Role in Danziger Bridge Shootings. Chicago Citizen Chatham Southeast Edition. p. 3.(September 4, 2005). Police shoot eight on New Orleans bridge. Associated press. Retrieved from. http//www.nola.com/katrina/index.ssf/2005/09/police_shoot_8_on_new_orleans_b

Marriage – Argumentative Essay

Marriage is a social institution under which a objet dart and woman establish their decision to live as husband and wife by legal commitment, religious ceremony, etc. This is the kind of married couple that we ar only used to. Nowadays, in reality, there are round people who found love not to someone that are the opposite sex, but to those who are the kindred sex. A fate of people meet been debating or so the legality of cheerful marriage. From relating it to religion and its affect on the traditional family values, there are a lot factors that can make this into a controversy.Even though gay marriage is still an illegal action in the majority countries there are some factors that should be considered to make it become legal. Opponents of gay marriage claim that homosexuality is a sin in most religion. However, this statement violates the First Amendment of Constitution about the free exercise of religion on a persons religious views must be protected. Which means that the government cannot make a honor that is based on a certain religion rule.Addition all(prenominal)y, the civil marriage and the religion marriage are a total different institution therefrom a law in the government that is based on a religion rule should not be made. Moreover, legalizing gay marriage also ordered with the Equal Right Amendment on the first text about the Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the linked States or by any State on account of sex. wherefore the legalization of gay marriage allow make an qualified marriage for all in the eye of the government based on those two Amendments.The other arguments that the opponents mentioned is that the Institution of Marriage will get less respect and the definition will become unclear. They said that the purpose of marriage which is to pro-create, hence the marriage between a man and women is the possible one. However, when we see the divorce rate in the States for the past decade, the numb er is stable at 50% for the first marriage. This gives the impression that even the straight marriages give less respect to the institution it self.Moreover, if we look into the simple, deeper of marriage it self, marriage is a constitution between two people that are brought together by love. So, love is the basic aspect in this Institution of Marriage. Therefore gay marriage wont give less respect or make the definition become unclear because essentially they already run across the ground aspect of marriage, which is love. The final argument from the opponents of gay marriage is that family contains a mother and father.However, this meaning of family has become biased since in reality there are a lot of other families that doesnt have a mother and father but we can still call them a family. So basically the meaning of family has changed due to the different things that occur in the reality. For instance, single mother and single father families are a common thing nowadays, with this one foster cover the two different role of two parents. Therefore there is no exception for the gay couple if they want to extend their family.As desire as they will provide their kids with love, support, shelter, and things that the kids will need. Additionally there are a lot of kids that have been waiting to have their give family, so espousal in gay marriage will help both the kids and the gay couple in creating their own family. In conclusion, gay marriage is just worry any other marriage with a twist of the same sex between the couple. Therefore the legalization of gay marriage will make an equal marriage for all in the eye of the government based on those two Amendments.Additionally, gay marriage wont give less respect or make the definition become unclear because basically they already fulfill the ground aspect of marriage, which is love. Moreover there is no exception for the gay couple if they want to extend their family. As long as they will provide their kids w ith love, support, shelter, and things that the kids will need because there are a lot of kids that have been waiting to have their own family, so adoption in gay marriage will help both the kids and the gay couple in creating their own family.Furthermore, in my opinion everyone deserve an equal right to marry someone they love because everyone deserves to be happy. SEKAR RINDANG FASHION MANAGEMENT 1401125124 REFERENCES Dictionary. com 5 December 2011 Messerli, Joe. Should Same-Sex Marriages be let? balancedpolitics. org 19 November 2011. 5 December 2011 Tsivkin, Roman. Marriage Laws In The USA. livestrong. com 8 April 2010. 5 December 2011 Wikipedia. com 5 December 2011 Wikipedia. com 5 December 2011 divorceguide. com 5 December 2011

Issues Concerning Islam Essay

Islamics have been accused of mutilating women. This practice, however, is denied by the followers of Islam. According to them, Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), which is actually a operative procedure performed on girls before they reach the age of puberty for the purpose of terminating or reducing their sexual feelings, is not an Islamic practice. They explain that FGM is a impost of Animists, Christians, and some Muslims in those countries where FGM is common. Women argon given equal rights under Islam. In situation, the Quran decreed that when it comes to public life, men and women should have equal rights and participation.During the time of Muhammad, women were allowed to participate actively in their baya which is the equivalent of todays practice of political endorsements. Evidence of this Muslim womens status is the voting rights granted to women in the predominantly Muslim countries like Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman. The women in Kuwait followed suit by earning their right t o vote and get elected sometime in 2005. In fact, Sheikh Sabah al-Ahmad al-Sabah, Kuwaits Prime Minister, divulged a plan to appoint a woman minister in Kuwait soon (Robinson, 2007).Muslims as terrorists and pro-violence Yusuf (n. d. ) said that majority of the Muslims are convince that while the U. S. government has been blaming act of terrorism on Islam for years, it was the 9/11 incident which dealt the approximately telling blow on the credibility and reputation of their theology. This was because the international media was suitable to depict that m either Muslims around the world rejoiced after that incident. The truth is, however, that majority of the Muslim world was saddened by that incident and the repercussions it caused.They would like to tell the world that terrorism is not an official policy of Islam and that, in fact, Muslims also consider terrorists as enemies of their religion. He laments the fact that When a crazy Christian does something terrible, everyone in the West knows it is the actions of a mad man because they have some knowledge of the core beliefs and ethics of Christianity. When a mad Muslim does something evil or foolish they assume it is from the religion of Islam, not because they hate us but because they have never been told by a Muslim what the teachings of Islam are all about.Yusuf blames this lack of Islamic knowledge among Christians to the fact that there is a dearth of credible spokespersons who could defend Islam from its attackers. As a matter of fact, Yusuf stressed that Islam is the middle way between excess and neglect and that terrorism is the preoccupation of zealots and extremists who are, in fact, a plaque of Islam. According to him, there are two types of Muslim extremists whose acts destroy Islam. The first he calls reactionary extremists. This group rejects any form of religious pluralism. According to these reactionary extremists, the world consists of good and evil with nothing in between.Good, accord ing to them, means the reactionary extremists and all those who oppose their actions are evil. Yusuf further explains that these kind of extremists are in the habit of excommunicating other Muslims who reject the way they interpret the Quran. However, this kind does not usually resort to violent acts to master their goals. Instead, they employ character assassination or takfir to ward their critics (Yusuf, n. d. ). The second type is the radical extremist. These Muslims extremists, according to Yusuf, are the ones who resort to violent acts and tactics to further their objectives.Yusuf stressed that these Muslims act as if they belong to some secret, wicked fiat whose members believe in the dictum that the end justifies the means. In other words, any method, even the most violent method, is acceptable as long as their cause is advanced. According to Yusuf, this is destroying Islam because the methods employed by Islam should be reflecting the noble ends of the religion. Secondly , Islam is not a secret society of conspirators rather, it is open with its objectives and traditions which have already been accepted and recognized by people from other religious denominations (Yusuf, n. d. ).

Be Yourself Essay

Good morning to the honorable judges, teachers and friends. Today I am going to deliver a destination about Be Yourself.Firstly, find yourself. You cant be yourself if you do not understand, and accept yourself first. Stop caring about how people perceive you. The accompaniment is, it really doesnt matter. Its impossible to be yourself when youre caught up in wondering Do they call Im funny? Does she think Im short? Do they think Im stupid? To be yourself, youve got to let go of these concerns and that let your behavior flow, with plainly your consideration of others as a filternot their consideration of you.Beside that, Be honest and open. What have you got to hide? Youre an imperfect, growing, learning human being. If you feel ashamed(predicate) or insecure about any aspect of yourselfand you feel you have to hide those parts of you, whether physically or emotionallythen you have to abide by to terms with that and learn to convert .Relax. and stop worrying about the worst th at could happen, especially in social situations. So what if you fall flat on your wait? Or get spinach stuck in your teeth? Learn to laugh at yourself both when it happens and afterwards. Turn it into a funny story that you can bundle with others. It lets them know that youre not perfect and makes you feel more at ease, too.Next, Have a Productive Day. Accept that slightly days youre the pigeon, and that some days, youre the statue. People might raise eyebrows and even make fun, but as long as you can shrug and say Hey, thats just me and leave it at that, people will ultimately respect you for it, and youll respect yourself.Lastly, believe in who you are. If youre always working to be someone youre not, youll never be a happy person. Be yourself and show the world youre proud the way you are Yea and dont swallow up that being yourself and honesty is the best policy 2010 English speech

Johannes Brahms symphony no. 4

Johannes Brahms music no 4, opus 98, is a masterpiece that re main(prenominal) in the annals of history of music and the history of symphony. Completed in the 19-th snow, it had such glorious predecessors as van Beethovens symphonies. T herefore, in the eras of Brahms, the symphony was considered the proper of great Beethoven and allbody who had courage to collect in this genre would inevitably face the possibility to be comp bed with Beethoven.Johannes Brahms worried that he was not praiseworthy of the musical tradition set by Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. One of the to the highest degree unfortunate effects of his lack of assurance was expressed in an unwillingness to compose a symphony because he was afraid of being comp atomic number 18d unfavorably to those masters, waiting until he was 43 y auricula atriis old to complete his set- rearward Symphony. However, once he had realised that initial symphony, he quickly adapted to the form, producing his remaining tercet symphonies in the space of only nightclub years.Each seemed to be to a greater extent than successful than its predecessors were each introduced more than depth and innovation from the close complex of the 19-th century composers. Just as Brahmss get-go and Second symphonies appeared in rapid succession as a tell pair, so did the terce and Fourth. The Third was finished in the summer of 1883 and the Fourth was begun the pursuit summer. The origin touch on of the Fourth Symphony is in a letter watchd 19 August 1884 from Brahms to his publisher, Fritz Simrock the piddle was undefi direct about a year later at Miirzzuschlag in Styria.In October 1885 Brahms and Ignaz Briill gave a dickens-piano reading of it for a downhearted group of friends including the critic Eduard Hanslick, the surgeon Theodor Billroth, and the historian and Haydn scholar C. F. Pohl. Brahms conducted the inaugural orchestral performance at Meiningen on 25 October 1885 . It is precise interesting to observe Brahmss progress as a symphonist. He lived in the cadence of romanticism in music, when considerations of form gave place to subjective expression. F.Liszt was then creating his symphonic poems and R. Wagner produced his amazing music dramas all full treatment strongly colored by literary and poetic ideas, and by a very(prenominal) person-to-person attitude on the begin of the composer. Brahms, in his First symphony, if not an outright romanticist, is only romantic in his attitude, just as Beethoven in his Fifth symphony. Later we see Brahmss progression backward from the romantic to the classic stress. The Fourth symphony is a pure classic masterpiece.However, the symphony is not only a work of design it has a subjective undercurrent behind itself. It is perchance significant that Brahms, ordinarily legitimate of himself and his work, had misgivings and questionings about this symphony. Some find the symphony an expression of pessimism. They say that it is bitter, that it drips melancholy like the yew tree, that its thoughts are of death. In fact, by that time Brahms had lost his m separate who died of a heart attack. He devoted this symphony to the shop of his m different. But pessimism is not despair.At the time when Brahms wrote this symphony, his thoughts were turning towards his own end which was near, and death must curb appeared as it should appear to all of us, as a tender friend and a supreme consoler. Brahmss symphonic work embraces all that is tragic and glorious in his music. There is tragedy even out in the most grand of these purports, where we hear yearning for things g one(a) beyond recall, but more especially in those where he strives to reclaim the traditions of the classics and proves splendidly that inherited forms may be filled with new matter .Nevertheless, one may safely predict that those portions of his work which show a masters discipline and noble intention as perhaps the most impressive marks of his character, will not be held in so great and lasting an adherence as those where he is wholly himself, and where only his pure and great heart, so full of riches and yet so closely guarded, is heard to beat. He deliberately took a path that led him away from the tear of romance to seek the land of Bach and Beethoven with all the ardor of his soul.But the spell of the blue prime of life was stronger. He fancied that he had eschewed the enchantment, but this was a delusion, for he remained a romantic all his life, a dreamy enthusiast, a deep feeling recluse, who clothed in new magical sounds the voices of rustling woodlands, the beaming eyes of virginal queens, the scattered tones of lost love-songsall this, and his own life, blessed by sorrows and raptures. It is there that he is irresistible and unforgettable.Where he played the part of heir he had too little to squander, though he won and consolidated precious treasure enough. Only as the eternal youth, as one grappling and lon ging and drinking from abundant wellsprings, as one of the beloved fairy-tale princes of music who ever and again evoke to deliver sleeping princesses, did he in truth find the land of Bach and of Beethoven. To many listeners, the Third Symphony might have seemed like the natural goal of Brahmss development as a symphonist because it combine the simple characters of folksong and romantic.It added an intense instrumental idiom and deep sense of coherence and overall structure, resolving power its tensions at the close in a manner more and more characteristic of the expression of his most complicated songs. tho any such impression would soon have been dispelled by the symphony, which followed shortly aft(prenominal) in 1885, for here he recalls the wealth of ideas, which characterize the Second Symphony and the vehementness, and sense of structural culmination of the First Symphony. Yet here the drama is of a different kind.It is not the classic nineteenth-century struggle fro m minor(ip) to major, in Brahmss case full of romantic symbols in its final stages, but rather an abstract drama, which reaches its climax by the sheer intellectual rigor and energy of its period rather than through any conventional symbols. It ends firmly in the primal in which it began, E minor. And if the Third Symphony had gained something of the personal quality of its opening from the memories of Schubert and Schumann, this goes back to memories of Beethoven and Bach.For, not only does the finale embrace Bach as its starting hitch, but the eldest safari takes Beethoven. As has been noted, the first subject clearly draws on the slow effort of the Hammerklavier Sonata ( intercepts 78-86) where an identical delineate appears as a consequence of the evolving influence of the interval of the triplet. Yet it comes through an entirely Brahms mediation. The setting is very close to the somber opening in which he was soon to place the first of the Motets op.110, the same gravestone and broad shape expressing the text Ich aber bin elend But Lord, I am wretched. Yet the symphonys is a more animated, complex type of expression whose distinctive two-note phrasing certainly finds its immediate parallel in a piece in total stylistic contrast to the motet -the Waltz in D minor, op. 39 no. 9. From this very personal stylistic chemistry, Brahms builds a movement and a work whose lofty style is closest to the Tragic Overture, a greater example of the sublime style noted in the great choral works with orchestra.And from them it takes much of its orchestral character, especially the fullness of Brahms scoring, and the telling use of the flute, especially at bar 128 of the finale certainly a Grecian symbol. While Brahms has long since parted company with the storm and stress of the First symphony, the accents of the Fourth are in the highest degree charged with the resignation and the profound understanding that his own earnest nature and the passage of the years had brought him, and the nobility that existed under his crusty exterior.In viewing the work as a whole, its background again provides a key to its special nature and sense of direction. Indeed, it may well fall apart the reverse case to that of the First Symphony, for even if it seems clear that it was the resolution of the first movements implications that provided the compositional problem of the to begin with work, it appears likely that the finale was here the starting point and thus determinant of the works structural nature. And even if new(prenominal) ideas existed at this ahead stage, the special nature of the finale provided the dominant focus for their working and shape.Much of the Fourth symphony is melancholy and lamentful, but it is relieved by the consolatory beatitude of the andante and the elevating stateliness of the conclusion. The austerity with which the composer has been reproachedin many instances unjustlyis here pronounced. The solidity of the struc ture may be admired, but the structure itself is obstinate and unrelieved. The symphony has not the epic grandeur of the first, the geniality of the befriend, the wealth of varied beauty that distinguishes the triad.Although the precise date is not known, Brahms had shown interest in the chaconne bass of the finale of Bachs Cantata No. 150 Nach Dir, Herr Verlanget mich some time before the symphonys appearance. The conductor Siegfried Ochs recalls him demonstrating to Hans von Bulow the structure of the Bach movement, to which von Bulow responded coolly, arguing that it needed more than voices. Brahms agreed, commenting What would you say to a symphonic movement written on this theme one day? But it is too lumpish, too straightforward. It would have to be chromatically altered in some way. Just how the alteration was effected is clear from the work, where Brahms extends the ride from its five-bar length to eight bars, substituting equal dotted minims for its minim-crotchet patte rn and creating a climax in the chromatic alteration of A sharp. Now it appears as leading note to the dominant, B. But how the work as a whole stood in his mind at this earlier stage is not clear. Brahms was aware of the possibility that a regeneration finale can be assumed from the model of Beethoven, and the St Antoni Variations had already presented a basso ostinato transformation finale.Yet the precise nature of a finale, which reflected two stimuli that of a symphonic design in a consonantally restricted form must have occupied him for long before a solution became clear. In considering the problems, Brahms drew on a considerable knowledge of the form of the chaconne and passacaglia, as has earlier been shown. In the actual period of the works completion, he acknowledged special interest in the Organ Passacaglia in G minor by Georg Muffat, describing it to Elizabeth von Herzogenberg in 1883 as very fine and acknowledging possession of a copy.His work on the Couperin mag netic variation for Chrysander also gave him an acquaintance with an example from the very different tradition of the French clavecinists through the form of the rondeau Passacaille. But the movement for which he had the deepest feeling was the Bach Chaconne for unaccompanied violin. He wrote to Clara Schumann, to whom the arrangement for the piano, left hand, was dedicated, in the following terms For me the Chaconne is one of the most incredible pieces of music. Using a single system for a little instrument, the man writes a whole world of the deepest and most powerful expression.If I ask myself if I had written this piece been able to conceive it I know for certain the emotions excited would have control me mad. If one does not have a great violinist at hand, the most exquisite of joys is certainly just to let the Chaconne ring in ones mind. But the piece certainly entices one to occupy oneself with it somehow. From this, he concludes that the only comparable experience is to play it with the parallel restrictions of left hand alone. It seems interesting that in referring to the other ways of imagining the work recreated he mentions the orchestra.It is not difficult to see the manner and structure of this Chaconne, which he knew so intimately, mixing with his transformation of the Bach cantata bass to provide the foundations of a movement through which both vocal and instrumental limitations are transcended in his most powerful variation structure. Heinrich Reimann gives a short interpretation of the symphony A theme of the sulfur movement constantly returns in varied form, from which the chief theme, the disordered recruit given to the wind, and the melodious song of the violoncellos are derived.The third movement, allegro giocoso, sports with old-fashioned harmonies, which should not be taken too seriously . Seen against the background of Brahmss earlier variations, this movement is unique in its card of a clear A B A Coda form. The contrast is p rovided by changes in dynamics, frequently in mode, and partly in meter. The return of the opening introduces variation both thematically and in the scope of harmonic movement within the tight restriction of the model, taken even further in the coda.All the previous variations are continuous, though the contrast of mode to major is established from the Variation on an Original Theme. The Bach Chaconne consequently assumes great interest in its adoption of a ternary outline through contrast of mode, in its variation of harmony at the reprise (though the theme is not recalled) and in its length both movements structure to thirty variations from an eight-bar model. The form of the Chaconne is also crucial to understanding Brahmss harmonic methods.Although elements of passacaglia are used in this movement that is of a repeated ground bass ostinato the chief spirit of the movement is that of harmonic retention, from which the composer can dramatically move for effect. The model is c ompounded of Bachs bass in modified form as upper part with a Brahms bass in which descending thirds are prominent. This provides the model for the first four variations and the background to the reprise, with its increasingly free harmonic working until Brahms breaks completely away from the previous patterns in the coda, loosening the original phrasing.The interpose harmony is built every on the ground (variations 4-11, 14-16), or on pedal variants, as in the central part, variations 12-13. Thus, as in earlier variation movements, there are two harmonic models with other freer types, though it is the first, with the theme in the upper part, which has the role of articulating the large structure. This represents, therefore, a considerably more complex form than its immediate predecessor, the ostinato variations of the St Antoni Variations.In fact, Brahms brings to fulfillment the inherent influence of the chaconne, noted as early as the variations of the B flat Sextet though with the added aspect of the passacaglia reflected in the Second Serenade and the St Antoni Variations, together with the outline of sonata form. It is the latter(prenominal) aspect that creates the variation of the reprise, since development cannot be used in the subdued central role. Clearly, such a distinctive structure could not have provided the symphonic climax without intimate relations with the other movements.The observation of the contrapuntal connection between the descending thirds of variation 30 and the first subject of the first movement is only one of many which could be made, for this work is perhaps more subtly and comprehensively merged than any other. Not only are thirds omnipresent in the works thematic material as in the bass of the model but many other tie in exist, including the anticipation of the ground in the first subject (bars 9-15). Most impressive, however, is the special harmonic language of the work, which is drawn from the harmony of the model.Both plagal and Phrygian progressions contribute further to the deep archaic quality of much of the music. For example, the first subject is built on plagal progressions and the movement ends with a very impressive plagal cadence enhanced by pedal. The harmonic language of the second movement is even more special in its modal associations, as will be shown. All these features serve to support the more obvious surface function of variation. For the principle of successive variation, which dominates the finale also, soaks the work as a whole.The links are clearest in the first movement for two principal reasons the structure of the movement as a whole and, directly related to it, the nature of the first subject. Brahmss tendency to recall the opening material after(prenominal) the recapitulation where no repeat is incorporated finds a particularly plain expression in this movement, which brings an shape up associated with finales those of the First and Third Symphonies and of the Piano Quintet into the context of a symphonic first movement.Yet the method is here different, for this is no conflated development/recapitulation structure, but rather a modification of the conventional scheme, since the recapitulation follows the third tonic statement of the idea at bar 246. The special form arises from the special nature of the main subject itself, a lyric paragraph whose essential sixteen bar structure is extended by internal variation to create a sectional impression the sense of a model which demands repeat in a way quite unlike the main subjects of the other symphonies. Thus, the movement assumes a variation-aspect at two levels.Viewed most broadly, it falls into three sections, closely related by their presentation of the same passage. Although the third statement is made more elusive by the recall of its opening phrases in augmentation, linked by figuration in the thread, the overall effect is clear when the theme resumes at bar 246. As far as the sections the mselves are concerned, they also appear strongly variational through the immediate repetition of the first theme, that of the development go an alternative to that of the exposition, bars 145-152 comparing with bars 1-7.Thus, Brahms draws on his earlier tendency to construct the inflection by variation of the first subject (compare with the Second Symphony) into a much broader context. In the sections of passing variation, which have set out so characteristic, although never with the clarity and deep thematicism of, for example, bars 80-6 or 95-8, the development draws so often on variation that it directly recalls the finale.Thus, after the varied repeat of the opening of the development, bars 169-84 present another section of clear variational identity, here through motive variation of the preceding bars treated in a stretto which quickly removes the sense of accentual identity, offering yet a further example of how Brahms learned from Beethoven the art of displacing the beat t hrough the relentless repetition of a simple figure. This passage is complemented at bar 192 by a more direct variation of the opening subject, the section again alternating with the marcato figure of the transition, which serves to direct and articulate the musics progress.At bar 119, the finale is even more clearly foreshadowed, mediating between the variation and the works first subject, which it clearly outlines, drawing particularly on the original flute parts to ensure connection. In turn, the following passage from bar 237 varies the following bars, focusing on a one-bar figure, whilst recalling the color-contrast of the variations, which lead to the reprise of the finale. It is inherent in such a structure that radical alterations of the recapitulation would have disturbed the variational relationship of the first three parts.Rather, as in the finale, it is the coda, which exhibits the development quality with the most rapid modulations and intense treatment of ideas. Yet va riation remains the chief model. The powerful statement of the first subject at bar 394 is remarkable in its transformation. The theme appears in canon between the outer parts, actually retaining its identity for far longer than the ear might suggest (14 bars in all) before a bridge to an intense treatment of the transition idea of bar 414.This remarkable intensity is achieved through a use of stretto, in which Brahms seems to press to extremes the manageable relationship between the harmonies permissible in his style and the logic of the contrapuntal movement, a quality that he shared to a remarkable degree with Mozart. In a period, which includes some of Brahmss most powerful first-movement codas, this is surely the most impressive in its nature and its structural function. Of the impressive central movements with which Brahms completes his overall scheme, the second relates most clearly to the principles outlined.Indeed, its leisurely first section from bar 5 parallels that of t he first in its relation to earlier works. An eight-bar theme of the simplest phrasing returns after a nine-bar digression to complete an exposition in simple A B A form. The following transition proceeds again by simple variation to establish, through ideas, which relate to the parallel part of the first movement. The dominant of B for the second subject, after which there is a further variation of the first theme with descending wind figures reflects the first subject of the work and strings employ pizzicato.Bar 74 initiates an imitative development very much in the spirit of that of the finale of op. 18, after which the second subject completes the conflated scheme 1 tr 2 1 dev 2 coda. Yet its straightforwardness comes into a completely different perspective when set in its harmonic context. It can be seen as perhaps the boldest and most far-reaching of Brahmss experiments with modal effects. For, the opening partly suggests a tonic C despite the preceding cadence, one inter prets the unison opening as rooted in the lower mediant of E minor.Yet at the end of the phrase, Brahms turns the close E into the tonic of a modified sonata movement, which makes a conventional contrast (though now unusual for Brahms) with the dominant, B, for its second subject. Such an opening must have a consequence in a Brahms movement and the key of C returns in the closing bars as an alternate harmonization of the opening theme in succession to the chromatic harmonization of the theme in E. Thus, Brahms juxtaposes the keys of E and C through a ordinary theme.The framing effect of the C tonality and its final resolution is evident. Whilst this passage can be seen as simply one of effect, the suggestion of a Phrygian tonality, it may also be seen in more far-reaching terms. For, unlike the other authentic modes, the dominant of the Phrygian is not on B, but on C, since it cannot form a perfect one-fifth from B to F sharp. Thus, though Brahms may well begin with a mere effect , the harmonic implications are readily grasped and he, though very briefly, actually contrives to close with a Phrygian aspect.The Austrian theorist Heinrich Schenker once state that the capacity to write in the modes lay even beyond a genius like Beethoven, that the Lydian movement of op. 132 simply used modern tonality to suggest a mode through the omission of any B flat and other means. Is it not possible that Brahmss deep interest in the issue led him to go a little further in the attempt to unite modern tonality and the principles of fashion in one movement? After such tonal stress, the key of the third movement appears inevitable.Yet in its manner, the movement stands in strong contrast to the parallel movements of the later works. As is often pointed out, Brahms avoids the scherzo-substitutes of his maturity for a scherzo of an individual nature -not a 6/8, but a driving 2/4 movement. Yet its character is surely not without precedent. Just as Brahms had drawn on the Hammer klavier Sonata as the starting point for a reinterpretation of a powerful idea, so the deep historical background to this work leads him to draw on the second movement of the late Piano Sonata in A flat op.110 whose thematic outline complements its metric character in providing his basis. Yet in no other sense does the form relate to tradition, for Brahms constructs a continuous movement, sustained by variation in which the Trio contrast is limited to a very brief passage from bar 178 to bar 198, which simply transforms the character of the opening, to play a part in the broader scheme. And now we are going to make a profound emotional analysis of the symphony.Let us take take the opening. The violins play a melody that starts as a series of two-note sighs, each sigh consisting either of a descending third (for example, B to G) or of the same interval inverted into an ascending one-sixth (for example, E to C, but going up to the next-highest C rather than down). Woodwinds echo these figures, but as chords, with the two notes played simultaneously.It is hard for us to think of a lovelier, more inviting opening to a symphony of course, its familiarity help. Something preparatory, even if it were only two measures of unison B, would help listeners find their way in. This opening is immediately followed by a second statement of the melody, this time in broken octaves and in dialogue between first and second violins, with elaborate decorative material in violas and cellos. This was thought exceedingly difficult to unravel.

How is the alphabet stored Essay

AbstractAlphabetic retrieval is a prototypical chore that is keepvass to gain insight into how humans learn and process long lists. We sh each(prenominal) in all study two watchicting manikins of this process ordered take c are and direct association. To distinguish amongst these sticks, we shall derive predictions most prepare eects that occur when decimal points are mated. In a modernistic experiment, we measure these set up eects. Although the small info set does non allow besotted conclusions, it shows that a pure associational molding alone is alike simplistic.How is the rudiment stored? How do people retrieve garner from the first principle? Dierent accounts of how humans store and access the alphabet, or other long lists with little explicit structure, have been proposed. A good model must be able to explain human implementation, and especially response multiplication (RTs), in experimental tasks. Tasks that have been studied in experiments imply rec iting the alphabet from a specic earn, saying the next garner, judging whether two earn are in the correct alphabetic order, etc. All these experiments have found an change magnitude in reaction times towards the end of the alphabet, as well as a distinctive pattern of peaks and valleys across the alphabet. In this paper we shall focus on this alphabetic retrieval task A letter (the probe) is presented visually, and the subjugate has to say either the following or preceding letter in the alphabet. In the fore mark off, the stem has to say the next letter in the alphabet. In the converse condition, the issuing has to say the preceding letter. A pattern relating to this task is shown in Figure 1. Note how the location of peaks and valleys is consistent amid the forward and opposed tasks.Models of alphabetic retrieval in series(p) bet vs. directassociationKlahr, Chase, and Lovelace (1983) propose a serial calculate-model of alphabetic retrieval. To nd the letter follow ing or preceding a probed letter, the contentedness has to recite the alphabet from a specic entry visor until the probe letter is found (or one further to nd the answer, in the forward inquisition task). The reaction time depends on the time necessary to nd the entry point and the number of steps from the entry point to the probe letter. According to the direct association model of Scharroo, Leeuwenberg, Stalmeier, and Vos (1994a), no serial search is necessary. Letters have direct associations with their successors, and the strength of this association determines the reaction time.Figure 1 Reaction times (Scharroo et al. 1994a)Forward vs. regressive searchThe model of Klahr et al. (1983) applies to both forward and backward searching. Scharroo et al. (1994a) cede open the possibility of serial search in the backward condition, while rejecting serial search in the forward condition, beca function the alphabet is learnt in the forward direction only, and direct associations wi th predecessors might not be available. in time they also state that their experiment does not support the serial search model even for the backward condition, and that the Klahr et al. model has little value in explaining their results. So their position on serial search in the backward condition is not entirely clear.A reply to Scharroo et al.s work (Klahr 1994) proposes that a new model should be developed, which should combine both the serial search and the direct association model. If a suciently strong association among letters is available, this association is apply otherwise a serial search is performed. The name does not specify when such a direct association will be available, tho the specialisation between the forward and backward tasks seems a plausible preemptdidate.However, in Scharroos rejoinder (Scharroo 1994b), she states she sees littleuse in such an arbitrary combination of models. A pure associational model is sucient to explain the information, and a ser ial search component has little to add. The position in this article seems more radical than in the 1994a article because even in the backward search task it does not allow for a serial search process. Unfortunately, no account is given of how people learn backward associations between letters. Experiments have systematically shown higher reaction times in the backward task than in the forward task, which implies that a backward association is weaker than a forward association.ChunksAccording to Klahr and others who think humans use a list-structure to store the alphabet, the alphabet cannot be learnt directly, because it exceeds the capacity of working memory. The dierent subgroups in which the alphabet is divided during learning, and also during subsequent storage, are called puffinesss. When a chunk boundary must be crossed to nd the answer to a test distributor point, this results in scoreicantly longer reaction times. To Klahr et al., chunks are also the preferred entry poi nts for initiating a serial search a search will always start from the rst letter of a chunk.To Scharroo et al., a chunk is just a series of letters with strong associations, enclosed between weak associations (Scharroo et al. 1994a, p. 239).Individual dierencesIn Klahrs experiments with American subjects, he nds a strong interpersonal agreement on chunk boundaries. This segmentation coincides with the phrasing of the babys room song through which the alphabet is taught in American schools. Scharroo et al. however, in their experiment with Dutch subjects, nd big dierences between subjects. They argue that this probably reects the absence of a common method to t severally the alphabet in the Netherlands. In both experiments interpersonal agreement on chunk boundaries decreases towards the end of the alphabet and chunk sizes towards the end of the alphabet are smaller.Increasing RTs across the alphabetOverall reaction times increase towards the end of the alphabet, and so do the RTs at the local minima that, in the serial search model, represent the commence of chunks. According to Klahr et al., this increase in local minima occurs because access to entry points is windyer for chunks later in the alphabet. In their account, this is explained by a serial search through all chunks to nd the chunk containing the probe letter, which precedes the search within the chunk.Scharroo et al.s model (1994a) does not model increasing RTs at all, although in the 1994b article a parameter is added for this. They state that the overall RT increase is due to a primacy eect the beginning of the alphabet has been repeated more often, in that locationfore the associations between the letters are stronger at the beginning. They do not nd an increase in local minima in the results of feature-by-item test subjects, rather they claim that the increase in the aggregate data is a result of averaging. Because the chunks are smaller towards the end of the alphabet and because variab ility between persons is greater, averaging results in increasing local minima.Although we will have to take into account this increase in RTs across the alphabet, my experiment is not designed to decide between dierent explanations for this increase. We will focus on (possible) serial search within chunks only.Predictions for primeGiven the dierence between American and Dutch subjects, it is hard to decide which model ts the experimental data better. Therefore, we will derive new predictions about how set up can inuence RTs. The results might serve well decide which model is correct. The task is the alike(p) as described earlier the subject is presented a letter and has to say either the next or the preceding letter in the alphabet. However, circumstances will bepaired to form select- guide combinations. For convenience, we will always refer to the rst tip of such a combination as the vizor, regardless of whether we think this item causes fuze or not.An example would be t he combination D, F . The florescence item is D (the indicating that the task is to say the letter forrader the D) followed by a target item F . The RT on this target item is compared to the RT on the same target item when preceded by an item O. If the RT on the target item is signicantly faster for the rst combination than for the second, we can say that the D item somehow natives the F item. We will distinguish three models, based on the described literature. For each model we will describe what predictions for priming can be derived from it. The examples assumes that the letters A to F are all in the same chunk.SS (strong serial search) ever serial search, both in the forward and backward condition. This corresponds with the Klahr. et al (1983) model.A heyday item C+ or D will always cause soul to recite from the beginning of the chunk until the prime is reached (it doesnt matter whether the next or the preceding letter is asked) A, B, C, D, assuming the chunk starts at A. This will activate all the letters from A to D.For a subsequent target F , the subject will need to search the series A to F . However, this search should be faster because m any of the letters have been activated. The right entry point (rather short in this case A) should also be found faster because it is still active. We could even argue that the search doesnt have to start at A, but can start where the preceding search leave of, at D. Whatever the precise mechanism, we expect a priming eect, both when the prime item is + and when it is .If at that place is a chunk boundary between prime and target, no priming can occur. only when averaged over all letters of the alphabet, we still expect a priming eect. DA (direct association)Always direct association, both in the forward and in the backward condition. This corresponds with the Scharroo et al. model. Although they claim to nda serial search in the backward condition plausible (1994a), this is not incorporated in the formal model (Scharroo et al. 1994a). Scharroo later takes the position that a combination of models adds no explanatory leverage (Scharroo 1994b). When we refer to DA, we mean a pure associational model.To nd the letter preceding or following the prime, only the association between these two letters needs to be activated. This will not eect the subsequent target item, unless the target item or its answer is identical to one of these activated letters. Therefore, there is no priming except identity priming (i.e. a prime and target are identical, or ask for identical answers).FABS (forward association, backward search)A simple combination of both models. To nd the next letter, direct association is used. To nd a preceding letter, a forward serial search is initiated. The entry point for this serial search is the beginning of a chunk.If the prime item demands a serial search (in the backward condition) the subsequent forward associations will be primed. This priming will aect the RT of the target 4prime prime +primingD FC+ Fno primingP FP+ F turn off 1 Conditions exampleitem if it is in the backward condition, by the same reason out as for SS. It will not aect the RT of the target item if it is in the forward condition (at least not if the prime preceded the target in the alphabetic order), since the forward task does not concern a serial search.If the prime item is in the forward condition, only the direct association between the prime and its following letter is activated. If the target is in the forward condition too, our expectations are the same as for direct association. If the target is backward, the activated association would slightly speed up the serial search, if this association is get of the series being searched (which is the case if the prime preceeds the target in the alphabet).ExperimentItem designBecause Klahr himself has proposed a hybrid model, our design does not test all possible circumstances in which priming can occur according to SS. Rather , it tries to distinguish between pure association and any form of search (SS or FABS). Therefore, the target is always asked backward. The prime can be both forward and backward. This leads to a matrix of quartet conditions. Table 1 gives an example of each condition, with all examples using the same target.The conditions always use the same distance between prime and target, as explained belowno priming, prime (np) the prime is the 10th letter after the target (if the target is between B and P ), or the 15th letter before the target (if the target is between P and Z). Because this distance is larger than any proposed chunk size, there can be no priming eect.no priming, prime + (np+) the same as np, but this time the prime is +. priming, prime (p) the prime is the 2nd letter before the target. Thisis the minimum distance needed to ensure that the answer to the target does not overlap with the prime (either the prime letter itself or its answer). priming, prime + (p+) the pri me is the 3rd letter before the target. Again, this distance is necessary to prevent overlap between prime and target. Note that for the same target in conditions p and p+, the prime involves the same pair of letters (but which letter is the inquire and which is the answer diers). Using these distances, we generated prime-target pairs for every target from B to Z for the no-priming conditions and from D to Z for the priming conditions. To these items, llers were added to achieve the following checks and balances1. the + and doer occur equally often for each letter (except A and Z), 2. eons of the same operator (at most three in a row) occur equally often for each operator,3. in the p+ and p conditions, the prime is never primed itself. We organised our items with llers in installments of 3 or 4 letters. The sequences could be reordered without violating the third condition. Every subject received a dierent, random ordering of sequences.Predictions for our 4 conditionsIt should be obvious that we cannot assume that a + and a combination will have the same RTs on the second item. Therefore, a direct comparison between np and np+, and between p and p+ is problematic. There are three dierent possibilies 1. If there is no priming, the preceding operator does not inuence performance on the next operator. (If there is priming, the earlier operator might inuence performance, in so farthermost as dierent operators cause dierent search processes.) 2. If there is no priming, performance on the target will be slower if the subject has to switch to a dierent task (i.e. a dierent operator). Therefore, np is faster than np+.3. If there is no priming, slow performance on the prime will spill over as slow performance on the target. Since is slower than +, performance on the target will be slower for np than for np+.We can compare np and np+ to get an idea of the size and direction of theprevious operator inuence. We can then use this to correct the RTs for p and p+. Assuming that there is no previous operator inuence, the dierent models would make the following predictions on the rank order of the conditions, where meaning higher target RT / slower and means lower target RT / fasterDAFABSSSnp = np+ = p = p+p p+ (np = np+)(p = p+) (np = np+)Assuming nothing about the previous operator inuence, not even that its direction is consistent across priming and non priming conditions, we can only predict a partial rank orderingDAFABSSSnp = p, np+ = p+p np, p+ np+p np, p+ np+The dierences between SS and FABS in these predictions are very minor, as we have not added items with a forward target. orderThe subjects were 15 psychology undergraduates, participating for course credit. They youngest was 18 and the oldest was 24. There were 8 females and 7 males. 12 subjects verbalize Dutch as a child both at home and at primary school. champion subject spoke Frisian at home and Dutch at primary school. Onesubject spoke German both at home and at prim ary school.The items were presented on a electronic electronic computer screen. After the subject air pressureed the space bar to start each trial, a + or sign was shown for 0.5 seconds at the center of the screen, then the operator disappeared and a capital letter was shown at the same location. Subjects were to press the spacebar as soon as they knew the answer. They then were shown a question mark and had to type the answer. By allow subjects press the spacebar before typing the answer, we aimed to prevent a confounding inuence from the dierent letter positions on the computer keyboard. Subjects were instructed to use only their index ngers, so movements had to be sequential. To discourage subjects from pressing the space bar prematurely, the question mark would disappear after 2 seconds. Subjects received no feedback on the correctness of their solvent, but they knew the rejoinder was being recorded.The experiment took about 4 x 10 minutes. Subjects were oered a break at three times during the experiment, and were free to determine the duration of the break.ResultsOne subject was excluded from our analyses because he had a signally high error rate (18% overall, but 30% on operator). Because we required for our analyses of priming that both the prime and the target are correct, half of the data for this subject was unusable.For the remaining subjects, the error rate varied from 1.7% to 9.5% overall, with a mean of 6.8%. For the operator alone, the error rate varied from 2.0% to 17.6%, with a mean of 10.9%.Since these error rates are rather high, we have looked into possible causes of these errors. For 62.8% of errors, the response given was actually a correct response, but for the victimize operator. Subjects never saw the operator and the letter at the same time, and this appears to have causedmany errors. For another 15.5% of errors, no response was given within 2 seconds. Whether this is because the subject wasnt fast enough to type the answer , or because he forgot the operator and decided not the respond, we dont know. For 12.5% of errors, the response was two letters out-of-door from the presented letter, instead of just one. For the remaining errors, either the presented letter was repeated as the response, or a response was given that had so little to do with the question that we assume it was a typing mistake.Items with reaction times of less than 0.3 seconds or more than 10 seconds have been ltered out.We have analysed reaction times per item for all items (including llers), without looking at priming yet. Figure 2 shows the reaction time (averaged over all subjects) for each letter. The solid line represents the forward task, while the dashed line represents the backward task. Letter position 1 represents A+ and B, while position 25 represents Y + and Z. This alignment best shows the understanding of peak and valleys between the two tasks.Figure 3 shows 2 graphs of individual subjects. These gures illustrate the large 7Figure 2 Reaction times per letterFigure 3 Reaction times per letter, individual subjectsnp+1749 msp1772 msnp1832 msp+1833 msTable 2 Average RT per conditionindividual dierences between subjects. Our averaged gure looks less smooth than the Scharroo et al. (1994a) graph that we reproduced in gure 1, but Scharroo et al. used more subjects (40). We think our averaged gure is consistest with the eects described in literature, especially with respect to the pattern of peaks and valleys and the congruence between the forward and backward tasks. The individual dierences we nd are not out of line with Scharroo et al. (1994a), who used Dutch subjects as we did. We cannot compare with Klahr et al. (1983) because they did not show individual results. To analyse the eect of priming, we looked at the reaction time of the target letter as a function of the condition. The (intersubject) average per condition is shown in Table2. Note that p np, but also that p+ np+, which does not match any of the (partial) rank orderings predicted earlier. The direction of the previous operator eect, with p np, but p+ np+, is not consistent. The dierences are not signicant, however. If the dierences were signicant, they would indicate an interaction between previous operator and priming, that causes priming to be slower than non-priming for the + operator.We used the statistical package R to create a linear mixed eect model of the data. The variable to be explained was the logarithm of the reaction time. The dependent variables were The sequence number of the item in the experiment. This lets us model the learning that occurs during the experiment. The position of the letter in the alphabet, encoded as a factor. priming coat true in the p+ and p conditions. The operator of the previous letter. All two-way interactions between priming, previous operator, and sequence number. The subject. For every subject, a distinct error stratum was used. We then stepped through the possible si mplications of this model to nd themodel with the lowest AIC value. This model contains the dependent variables sequence number, letter position, previous operator, and an interaction between previous operator and sequence number. As expected, there was a negative correlation between sequence number and reaction time, indicating a learning eect during the experiment. The interaction between previous operator and sequence number means that there is more learning when the previous operator is than when it is +. An ANOVA-analysis of this model showed that sequence number, letter position, and the interaction between previous operator and sequence were all highly signicant at the p 0.001 level. The previous operator alone was not signicant, however (p = 0.3254).Our computer model does not include priming priming does not help explain the reaction times better.DiscussionWe have not been able to nd a signicant eect of priming. However, the conclusion that there is no priming is not warr anted. The eect of the previous operator is not signicant either, even though it is include in the model with the best AIC-value, and an interaction with this eect is signicant. Because of the pattern of peaks and valleys across the alphabet, it was necessary to hatch the letter position as a factor, instead of as a continuous variable. This means that the data is modelled per letter, per condition, per subject, which requires a very large data set.We think that further research with a larger subject pool is useful. Such further research should also review the item design, to prevent correlations between priming and other possible factors as much as possible.Our experiment has shown that using a computer keyboard as input device gives results comparable to using a voice key. This means experiments can beconducted with regulation computer hardware.We think it is prudent for future research using this alphabetic retrieval task, even if priming is not its object, to control for possi ble priming and for the previous operator.References1 David Klahr, William G. Chase, and Eugene A. Lovelace (1983) Structure and Process in Alphabetic retrieval. diary of Experimental Psychology, 9 (3), 462-477. 2 Jackie Scharroo, Emanuel Leeuwenberg, Peep F. M. Stalmeier, and Piet G. Vos (1994) Alphabetic Search Comment on Klahr, Chase, and Lovelace (1983). Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20 (1), 236-244. 3 David Klahr (1994) Plausible Models of Alphabetic Search Reply to Scharroo, Leeuwenberg, Stalmeier, and Vos (1994). Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20 (1), 245-249.4 Jackie Scharroo (1994) Modeling Alphabetic Retrieval Rejoinder to Klahr (1994). Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20 (2), 492-495.

Marriage vs. cohabitation

Marriage is the foundation of family formation in most contemporary societies. It is a contract arrangement that is binding and legally recognized. Cohabitation on the other hand, mimics the structure of a marriage with the exception of legal impediments. In some countries common law relationships are recognized, complete with the legal ramifications in the way out of dissolution. However, some societies are hesitant to accord due recognition for cohabitation arrangements for fear that it would undermine the institution of marriage.Studies ConductedIn many social researches conducted on relationships, it was found that more couples are resorting to cohabitation arrangements in recent years. In the unify States, an increase from 10 percent to 56 percent was noted favoring cohabitation over marriage. The statistics compared was between 1974 and 1994. (The verdict on Cohabitation vs. marriage, 2001) There are many reasons why couples opt for cohabitation arrangements over marriage. First, it is easier to enter into and dissolve. Second, it proposes a more turn approach to the partnership. It is perceived to endorse a freer lifestyle. (Ambert, 2005, p6) Third, couples cohabiting are not pressured to stay together. Finally, cohabitation is contracted for economic reasons. equivalenceComparing marriage and cohabitation, the question of commitment is most malleable in cohabitation. Although the social structure of some(prenominal) appeared to be the same, it is in the philosophical approach where they differ. The freer lifestyle of cohabitation arrangements raises the questions of faithfulness on both partners. The couple is slight secure compared to married couples. Exclusivity in this case is missing in cohabitation arrangements.Legality of MarriageMarriage as a legally recognized institution is a binding contract. Once entered into, the couple is expected to sue obligations such as financial, child-rearing responsibilities, commitment to care for each othe r in sickness or in health, till death do us part. Marriage has a sense of permanency compared to the perfunctory nature of cohabitation. In case a marriage is dissolved, appropriate legal measures are applied. The wife can demand from the husband legally for child support and indemnity when the law finds it appropriate. age marriage and cohabitation are generally accepted in society, many would motionless favor that the relationship be legally recognized. In more conservative societies, cohabitation is an aberration and couples are pressured into legalizing the union. Marriage involves formal ceremonies and social recognition while cohabitation does not.Consequences of CohabitationIn the aspect of dissolution of unions, cohabiting couples are more likely to separate than married couples. In the event cohabitation progresses into a marriage, the dissolution of the union is attributed to the permissive nature of cohabitation. The same attitude is carried into the legalized relatio nship thus insecurity, commitment and fidelity affects the relationship. Cohabiting couples favor divorce a solution to marital conflicts when compared to married couples.Economic IssuesEconomically, married couples are get out off compared to non-married ones. The nature of marriage unifies the financial resources of the couple while for cohabiting couple autonomy is still expected. fiscal spending and planning decisions in married couples are combined efforts while that provision is missing in cohabiting couples.ConclusionIn essence, both married and cohabiting couples follow the same social structure except cohabitation does not carry the legal impediments of a marriage. Social acceptability of cohabitation remains mixed as conservative societies still frown on the arrangement for moral and legal grounds. Most would still encourage cohabiting couples to legalize their relationship.While autonomous and liberal philosophies accentuate cohabitation arrangements, they are not enough to prevent dissolution and solve problems that are outcomes of the arrangement. The legally binding nature of marriage deters couples from ending the union because of selfish and whimsical motives. The legal recognition ensures that the social foundation of family remains intact.References Ambert, A. (2005). Cohabitation and marriage How are they related? The Vanier Institute of the Family. Retrieved 30 May 2007The verdict on Cohabitation vs. marriage (2001) Retrieved 30 May 2007Related essay My Ideal Wife